Body Language (Part- Xi)

 Body Language (Part Xi-7 Functions of Non-verbal Communication)

In the communication theory seven functions of the non-verbal communication are distinguished:

1) Saying again what has already been expressed in words ( Saying "no" and shaking the head at the same time, giving direction and pointing).

2) Substituting the verbal communication (nodding "yes", shaking "no", questioning facial expression, emblem gestures).

3) Disagreeing with the verbal communication (confirming something but shaking your head hesitantly or shrugging your shoulders).

4) Affectionate (instinctive) support of the spoken word (concerned frown or encouraging pat on the back).

5) Details about the mutual relation (smiling, eye contact, touching, distance, posture).

6) Giving emphasis to the verbal communication (a wagging finger when you express an accusation or reproaching someone with a loud voice and banging on the table angrily).

7) Putting together and managing the verbal communication ( the dots and commas of the spoken sentences: looking at someone and looking away, pauses and supporting hand gestures).

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Motivation for Study

                                                 Motivation for Study

(i) Introduction:

 Motives are mental energy forces. They are the basis of the "mental effort" we put into our work. When they are strongly active you work hard and concentrate easily. When they are inactive, then the task is difficult to get down to and your performance is poor. To illustrate this point, take a simple example of motivation in relation to the need for food. If your need is great, you will be strongly motivated and find yourself unable to think of anything other than food. If, on the other hand, you have just had a meal, your motivation towards the food will be very small, perhaps non-existent, and far from actively searching for food, the thought or sight of it will disinterest or even repel you. Similarly, if you are in great need of sleep, you can't be bothered even to participate in activities which interest you. However, if you have just awakened refreshed, your need for further sleep is much less and you have energy to tackle new problems. These same principles apply to working, thinking, paying attention, learning etc. When you want to work, either because of a pressing need (e.g. just before an examination or from fear of punishment) or because you are interested in the job in hand, your performance will be much better than if you are disinterested and cannot be bothered. The fact that we all work harder and more readily than at others, why we can persist in the face of difficulties, etc. An awareness of the importance of motivation is fundamental to our investigation of "study-methods".

(b) What Motivates Us to Study?

We may well say that when we are discussing the motivation of eating, sleeping and so forth we are talking about “natural processes” for which there must be “natural motives” built into the mind. Surely, however, as “studying” is not the natural process there can be no motives designed to activate the mind towards it. The answer to this problem lies in the fact that many, if not all, motives are capable of adaptation to the circumstances in which they are to be used. The following motives probably play a large part in making us want to study, providing we are reasonably competent to tackle the material involved:

(1) Curiosity, i.e. the natural tendency to want to find out as much as possible about your surroundings;

(2) Ambition, i.e. the sophisticated manifestation of aggression turned not towards other people but towards problems, hurdles, promotion, etc;

(3) Competition, i.e. the desire for self-respect, social acceptance and respect from others by being able to cope with problem and life as well as if not better than they can;

(4) Interest, i.e. the feeling that a subject or problem is worth tackling and overcoming for its own sake;

(5) Self-Preservation, i.e. the need for a qualification to give you a job, money, possessions, etc., which will make life possible and congenial for you later on.

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